Arbitrum One
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About
Arbitrum One is a general-purpose Optimistic Rollup built by Offchain Labs and governed by the Arbitrum DAO.
Badges
About
Arbitrum One is a general-purpose Optimistic Rollup built by Offchain Labs and governed by the Arbitrum DAO.
ArbOS 32 Emergency upgrade
2024 Sep 25th
SecurityCouncil emergency upgrades to fix attack vectors related to Stylus resource pricing.
Funds can be stolen if
Funds can be lost if
MEV can be extracted if
Sequencer failure
Self sequenceState validation
Fraud proofs (INT)Fraud proofs allow 14 WHITELISTED actors watching the chain to prove that the state is incorrect. Interactive proofs (INT) require multiple transactions over time to resolve. There is a 6d 8h challenge period.
Exit window
7dNon-emergency upgrades are initiated on L2 and go through a 8d delay. Since there is a 1d delay to force a tx (forcing the inclusion in the following state update), users have only 7d to exit.
If users post a tx after that time, they would only be able to self propose a state root 12d 17h after the last state root was proposed and then wait for the 6d 8h challenge window, while the upgrade would be confirmed just after the 6d 8h challenge window and the 3d L1 timelock.
Proposer failure
Self proposeAnyone can become a Proposer after 12d 17h of inactivity from the currently whitelisted Proposers.
Arbitrum One is a All data required for proofs is published on chain
All the data that is used to construct the system state is published on chain in the form of cheap blobs or calldata. This ensures that it will be available for enough time.
The rollup node (Arbitrum Nitro) consists of four parts. The base layer is the core Geth server (with minor modifications to add hooks) that emulates the execution of EVM contracts and maintains Ethereum’s state and a fork of wasmer that is used for native WASM execution. The middle layer, ArbOS, provides additional Layer 2 functionalities such as decompressing data batches, accounting for Layer 1 gas costs, and supporting cross-chain bridge functionalities. The top layer consists of node software, primarily from Geth, that handles client connections (i.e., regular RPC node). View Code
They performed a regenesis from Classic to Nitro, and that file represents the last Classic state. To sync from the initial Classic state, instructions can be found here.
Nitro supports Ethereum’s data structures and formats by incorporating the core code of the popular go-ethereum (“Geth”) Ethereum node software. The batch is composed of a header and a compressed blob, which results from compressing concatenated RLP-encoded transactions using the standard RLP encoding.
Updates to the system state can be proposed and challenged by a set of whitelisted validators. If a state root passes the challenge period, it is optimistically considered correct and made actionable for withdrawals.
Whitelisted validators propose state roots as children of a previous state root. A state root can have multiple conflicting children. This structure forms a graph, and therefore, in the contracts, state roots are referred to as nodes. Each proposal requires a stake, currently set to 1.0 ETH, that can be slashed if the proposal is proven incorrect via a fraud proof. Stakes can be moved from one node to one of its children, either by calling stakeOnExistingNode or stakeOnNewNode. New nodes cannot be created faster than the minimum assertion period by the same validator, currently set to 15m. The oldest unconfirmed node can be confirmed if the challenge period has passed and there are no siblings, and rejected if the parent is not a confirmed node or if the challenge period has passed and no one is staked on it.
Funds can be stolen if none of the whitelisted verifiers checks the published state. Fraud proofs assume at least one honest and able validator (CRITICAL).
A challenge can be started between two siblings, i.e. two different state roots that share the same parent, by calling the startChallenge function. Validators cannot be in more than one challenge at the same time, meaning that the protocol operates with partial concurrency. Since each challenge lasts 6d 8h, this implies that the protocol can be subject to delay attacks, where a malicious actor can delay withdrawals as long as they are willing to pay the cost of losing their stakes. If the protocol is delayed attacked, the new stake requirement increases exponentially for each challenge period of delay. Challenges are played via a bisection game, where asserter and challenger play together to find the first instruction of disagreement. Such instruction is then executed onchain in the WASM OneStepProver contract to determine the winner, who then gets half of the stake of the loser. As said before, a state root is rejected only when no one left is staked on it. The protocol does not enforces valid bisections, meaning that actors can propose correct initial claim and then provide incorrect midpoints.
The system has a centralized sequencer
While forcing transaction is open to anyone the system employs a privileged sequencer that has priority for submitting transaction batches and ordering transactions.
MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.
Users can force any transaction
Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly. After a delay of 1d in which a Sequencer has failed to include a transaction that was directly posted to the smart contract, it can be forcefully included by anyone on the host chain, which finalizes its ordering.
Regular exit
The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is finalized the funds become available for withdrawal on L1. The process of block finalization usually takes several days to complete. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds. This transaction requires a merkle proof.
Tradeable Bridge Exit
When a user initiates a regular withdrawal a third party verifying the chain can offer to buy this withdrawal by paying the user on L1. The user will get the funds immediately, however the third party has to wait for the block to be finalized. This is implemented as a first party functionality inside Arbitrum’s token bridge.
Autonomous exit
Users can (eventually) exit the system by pushing the transaction on L1 and providing the corresponding state root. The only way to prevent such withdrawal is via an upgrade.
EVM compatible and Stylus smart contracts are supported
Arbitrum One supports smart contracts written in Solidity and other programming languages (Rust, C++) that compile to WASM. Such smart contracts are executed by nodes using either a geth fork or a fork of wasmer inside the Nitro node, and can be proven with the onchain WASM VM.
Funds can be lost if there are mistakes in the highly complex Nitro and WASM one-step prover implementation.
Arbitrum DAO is in charge of upgrades
Arbitrum DAO allows $ARB token holders to propose and vote on changes to the organization and the technologies it governs. The governance smart contracts are implemented on Arbitrum One rollup chain. The DAO can upgrade the Arbitrum One contracts on L2 with 8d delay and - using L2 --> L1 Governance Relay, update contracts on L1 with additional 3d delay + 6d 8h delay for all L2 --> L1 messages (in total a delay of 17d 8h). The Security Council can upgrade the contracts without any delay. It can also cancel any upgrades initiated by the DAO.
Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is a 17d 8h delay on code upgrades.
All critical system smart contracts are upgradeable (can be arbitrarily changed). This permission is governed by the Arbitrum Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) and their elected Security Council. The Arbitrum DAO controls Arbitrum One and Arbitrum Nova through upgrades and modifications to their smart contracts on Layer 1 Ethereum and the Layer 2s. While the DAO governs through token-weighted governance in their associated ARB token, the Security Council can directly act through the Security Council smart contracts on all three chains. Although these multisigs are technically separate and connect to different target permissions, their member- and threshold configuration is kept in sync by a manager contract on Arbitrum One and crosschain transactions.
Regular upgrades, Admin- and Owner actions originate from either the Arbitrum DAO or the non-emergency (proposer-) Security Council on Arbitrum One and pass through multiple delays and timelocks before being executed at their destination. Contrarily, the three Emergency Security Council multisigs (one on each chain: Arbitrum One, Ethereum, Arbitrum Nova) can skip delays and directly access all admin- and upgrade functions of all smart contracts. These two general paths have the same destination: the respective UpgradeExecutor smart contract.
Regular upgrades are scheduled in the L2 Timelock. The proposer Security Council can do this directly and the Arbitrum DAO (ARB token holders and delegates) must meet a CoreGovernor-enforced 5% threshold of the votable tokens. The L2 Timelock queues the transaction for a 8d delay and then sends it to the Outbox contract on Ethereum. This incurs another delay (the challenge period) of 6d 8h. When that has passed, the L1 Timelock delays for additional 3d. Both timelocks serve as delays during which the transparent transaction contents can be audited, and even cancelled by the Emergency Security Council. Finally, the transaction can be executed, calling Admin- or Owner functions of the respective destination smart contracts through the UpgradeExecutor on Ethereum. If the predefined transaction destination is Arbitrum One or -Nova, this last call is executed on L2 through the canonical bridge and the aliased address of the L1 Timelock.
Operator roles like the Sequencers and Validators are managed using the same paths. Sequencer changes can be delegated to a Batch Poster Manager.
Transactions targeting the Arbitrum DAO Treasury can be scheduled in the 3d Treasury Timelock by meeting a TreasuryGovernor-enforced 3% threshold of votable ARB tokens. The Security Council cannot regularly cancel these transactions or schedule different ones but can overwrite them anyway by having full admin upgrade permissions for all the underlying smart contracts.
The system uses the following set of permissioned addresses:
Central actors allowed to submit transaction batches to L1.
They can submit new state roots and challenge state roots. Some of the operators perform their duties through special purpose smart contracts.
This is a Gnosis Safe with 9 / 12 threshold. It uses the following modules: UpgradeExecutor. The admin of all contracts in the system, capable of issuing upgrades without notice and delay. This allows it to censor transactions and to upgrade the bridge implementation, potentially gaining access to all funds stored in the bridge and change the sequencer or any other system component (unlimited upgrade power). It is also the admin of the special purpose smart contracts used by validators.
Used in:
Those are the participants of the SecurityCouncil.
Timelock contract for Arbitrum Governance transactions. Scheduled transactions from Arbitrum One L2 (by the DAO or the Security Council) are delayed here and can be canceled by the Security Council or executed to upgrade and change system contracts on Ethereum, Arbitrum One and -Nova.
Used in:
This is a Gnosis Safe with 4 / 6 threshold. It can update whether an address is authorized to be a batch poster at the sequencer inbox. The UpgradeExecutor retains the ability to update the batch poster manager (along with any batch posters).
Used in:
Those are the participants of the BatchPosterManagerMultisig.
The system consists of the following permissions on Arbitrum One:
This is a Gnosis Safe with 9 / 12 threshold. It uses the following modules: L2UpgradeExecutor. The elected signers for the Arbitrum SecurityCouncil can act through this multisig on Layer2, permissioned to upgrade all system contracts without delay.
Those are the participants of the L2SecurityCouncilEmergency.
This is a Gnosis Safe with 9 / 12 threshold. It uses the following modules: L2UpgradeExecutor. The elected signers for the Arbitrum SecurityCouncil can act through this multisig on Layer2 to propose transactions in the L2Timelock (e.g. upgrade proposals).
Those are the participants of the L2SecurityCouncilPropose.
The system consists of the following smart contracts on the host chain (Ethereum):
Main contract implementing Arbitrum One Rollup. Manages other Rollup components, list of Stakers and Validators. Entry point for Validators creating new Rollup Nodes (state commits) and Challengers submitting fraud proofs.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Implementation used in:
Contract managing Inboxes and Outboxes. It escrows ETH sent to L2. This contract stores the following tokens: ETH.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Implementation used in:
This contract can upgrade the system’s contracts. The upgrades can be done either by the Security Council or by the L1Timelock.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Proxy used in:
Timelock contract for Arbitrum Governance transactions. Scheduled transactions from Arbitrum One L2 (by the DAO or the Security Council) are delayed here and can be canceled by the Security Council or executed to upgrade and change system contracts on Ethereum, Arbitrum One and -Nova.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Proxy used in:
Router managing token <–> gateway mapping.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Implementation used in:
Contract that allows challenging invalid state roots. Can be called through the RollupProxy by Validators or the UpgradeExecutor.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Implementation used in:
Contract used to perform the last step of a fraud proof.
Implementation used in:
Contract used to perform the last step of a fraud proof.
Implementation used in:
Contract used to perform the last step of a fraud proof.
Implementation used in:
Contract used to perform the last step of a fraud proof.
Implementation used in:
Contract used to perform the last step of a fraud proof.
Implementation used in:
The system consists of the following smart contracts on Arbitrum One:
Governance contract accepting and managing constitutional Arbitrum Improvement Proposals (AIPs, core proposals) and, among other formal parameters, enforcing the 5% quorum for proposals.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Delays constitutional AIPs from the CoreGovernor by 8d.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Governance contract used for creating non-constitutional AIPs, or “treasury proposals”, e.g., transferring founds out of the DAO Treasury. Also enforces the 3% quorum for proposals.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Delays treasury proposals from the TreasuryGovernor by 3d. Is used as the main recipient for the ETH from L2SurplusFee and L2BaseFee contracts.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
This contract can upgrade the L2 system’s contracts through the L2ProxyAdmin. The upgrades can be done either by the Security Council or by the L1Timelock (via its alias on L2).
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
This contract enforces the rules for changing members and cohorts of the SecurityCouncil and creates crosschain messages to Ethereum and Arbitrum Nova to keep the configuration in sync.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Keeps the current hash of the ArbitrumDAO Constitution. Settable by the L2UpgradeExecutor.
The owner (UpgradeExecutor) can upgrade proxies’ implementations of all L2 system contracts through this contract.
The owner (UpgradeExecutor) can upgrade proxies’ implementations of all L2 bridging gateway contracts through this contract.
This contract receives all BaseFees: The transaction fee component that covers the minimum cost of Arbitrum transaction execution. They are withdrawable to a configurable set of recipients.
This contract receives all SurplusFees: Transaction fee component that covers the cost beyond that covered by the L2 Base Fee during chain congestion. They are withdrawable to a configurable set of recipients.
The ARB token contract. Supply can be increased by the owner once per year by a maximum of 2%.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Router managing token <–> gateway mapping on L2.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Value Locked is calculated based on these smart contracts and tokens:
Main entry point for users depositing ERC20 tokens that require minting custom token on L2.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Main entry point for users depositing ERC20 tokens. Upon depositing, on L2 a generic, “wrapped” token will be minted.
Upgrade delay: 17d 8h or 0 if overridden by the Security Council
Contract managing Inboxes and Outboxes. It escrows ETH sent to L2.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
DAI Vault for custom DAI Gateway. Fully controlled by MakerDAO governance.
wstETH Vault for custom wstETH Gateway. Fully controlled by Lido governance.
LPT Vault for custom Livepeer Token Gateway.
The current deployment carries some associated risks:
Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is a 17d 8h delay on code upgrades unless upgrade is initiated by the Security Council in which case there is no delay.
